Dec 30, 2019 psilocybe makarorae is one of the few psilocybe species to be solely restricted to new zealand. An exhaustive world revision of all names considered in the genus psilocybe s. Pdf an exhaustive world revision of all names considered in the genus psilocybe s. The genus psilocybe contains iconic species of fungi renowned for their hallucinogenic properties. There are more than 180 species of mushrooms that contain the psychedelic chemicals psilocybin or psilocin. Classification this page takes you through each level of classification, and explains the characteristics of each category. Methods all descriptions are based on new zealand material, and macroscopic features described from fresh material, unless otherwise stated. Psilocin and psilocybin are the primarily psychedelic compounds responsible for the psychoactive effects of many species in this genus. Spore color can vary greatly from one genus to another, but generally mushrooms of. Psilocybe semilanceata an overview sciencedirect topics. The genus psilocybe in kerala state, india article pdf available in mycotaxon ithaca ny 83. Most recently, noordeloos 1995 took the bold step of emending the definition of the genus so that most stropharias will now be subjugated within an expanded concept of the genus psilocybe.
Psilocybe indica from india is a caerulescent fungus with collybioid habit. It is a tryptamine, and is one of the major psychoactive constituents in mushrooms of the psilocybe genus, as psilocybe cubensis and psilocybe mexicanus. It contains the hallucinogenic compounds psilocybin, psilocin and baeocystin. Psilocybe and related species magic mushrooms magic mushrooms of the genus psilocybe are still marketed as novel psychoactive substances, notably the spores and mycelia of psilocybe cubensis and psilocybe semilanceata, which are sold with sand as specimens for microscopy. Here, we reconstruct a multigene phylogeny for psilocybe, deconica, and other exemplars of the families hymenogastraceae and strophariaceae sensu stricto s. The interest in psilocybe after the discovery of hallucinogenic mushrooms in. Psilocybe is a genus of small mushrooms growing worldwide. Fruitings begin in late september and continue even after the first frost occurs, until late december or. A prehistoric worldwide distribution of the mushroom genus psilocybe, and therefore of psilocybin, is supported by the existence of endemic species in america. The role of altered states of consciousness in the production of geometric and figurative art by prehistoric cultures in africa and europe has been hotly debated. They have a long history of use in mexico and are currently one of the most popular and commonly available natural psychedelics. However, not all species of mushrooms within the genus psilocybe are psychoactive boire 2001. Species diversity of the genus psilocybe basidiomycotina, agaricales, strophariaceae in the world mycobiota, with special attention to hallucinogenic properties abstract.
Phylogenetic and chemical studies in the potential. A feature common to the spores of many mushrooms, particularly the psilocybian species, is the formation of an apical germ pore. In south america, it has been recorded from bolivia, colombia, and ecuador. Brandon matheny, d marisol sanchezgarcia, d laura guzmandavalos a. The species was found to be one of the most popular psychoactive mushrooms confiscated by german authorities in a 2000 report, behind psilocybe cubensis, psilocybe semilanceata, and panaeolus cyanescens. New species of psilocybe from papua new guinea, new. In fact, kuhners concept of the genus psilocybe includes the genera naematoloma and stropharia. The color of a mushrooms spores is frequently a basis for its classification. It gained its name from the makarora river, beside which it is commonly encountered. It has a white partial veil that does not leave a ring on the stem. Microscopic features were measured and drawn from herbarium material. Since no authentic material is kept anywhere these two records remain doubtful horak 1971 a, 1971 b. Psilocybin mushrooms occur on all continents and consist of more than 200 species, the most potent of which belong to the genus psilocybe. These three genera are difficult to separate from one another when relying solely upon macroscopic features.
Pdf species diversity of the genus psilocybe basidiomycotina. A prehistoric worldwide distribution of the mushroom genus psilocybe, and therefore of psilocybin, is supported by the existence of endemic. Eight species of psilocybe are reported from new zealand. This genus is best known for its species with psychedelic properties. This genus is best known for the species with psychedelic properties. Psilocybin 4phosphoryloxyn,ndimethyltrypatmine, also referred to as 32dimethylaminoethyl1hindol4ol dihydrogen phosphate ester has the chemical formula c12 h17 n2o4p. The species is commonly known by various names such as bottle caps, knobby tops, blue bells, olive caps. Methods all descriptions are based on new zealand material, and macroscopic features described from fresh ma terial, unless otherwise stated. Phylogenetic inference and trait evolution of the psychedelic. Mushrooms within the psilocybe genus are set apart as having.
May 10, 2016 on the origin of the genus psilocybe and its potential ritual use in ancient africa and europe. In north america, it is found in northeast, central and southeastern mexico. This species was originally found in mexico, state of veracruz, uxpanapa region. It is interesting to observe that, although the genus psilocybe began to be studied in the united states in 1872 by peck 1872, 1912, and in 1958 it came to attention with the discovery of the hallucinogenic species singer and smith, 1958which guzman 1983, 1995, 2000 added. He has since authored eight other books and over 350 papers on mexican mushrooms and has described more than 200 new taxa of fungi worldwide. Pdf on the origin of the genus psilocybe and its potential. Since the type species psilocybe montana is a nonbluing species, the nonbluing clade will retain the name psilocybe, while the bluing clade will be renamed as a separate genus. Psilocybe pelliculosa is a species of fungus in the family hymenogastraceae. Psilocybe mushrooms are strikingly similar to hypholoma and stropharia. Recently, psilocybe also included nonhallucinogenic species that have since been shifted to the genus deconica.
As we demonstrate, it undoubtedly belongs to the genus psilocybe. Most or nearly all species contain the psychedelic compounds psilocybin, psilocin and baeocystin. Rumor has it that the current taxonomy may be revised to create a new genus that will contain only those formerly psilocybe mushrooms that are indeed psychoactive. Psilocybe baeocystis is a psilocybin mushroom of the family hymenogastraceae. New zealand journal of botany volume 33, 1995 issue 3. Species diversity of the genus psilocybe basidiomycotina. Seven hundred eighteen names related to psilocybe were.
Psilocybe is placed taxonomically in the agaric family strophariaceae based upon its spore and pileipellis morphology. Supplement to the monograph of the genus psilocybe gaston. An important feature in determining whether you have a psilocybe or panaeolus species is spore color. Psilocybe is a genus of gilled mushrooms growing worldwide.
Psilocybe antioquiensis is a species of mushroom in the family hymenogastraceae. Recently, psilocybe also included nonhallucinogenic species that have since been shifted to the g. Psilocybe cubensis, commonly called the golden top, is a prolific dunginhabiting mushroom found mostly in the spring to early summer. Psilocybe azurescens prefers to grow in dune grasses. Scent of the mushroom, anything else you think is important, large closeup pictures showing stem, cap and gills. Psilocybe naematoliformis is found growing in small groups, in tufts or clumps, on disturbed places of the virgin tropical rain forest.
Mushrooms within the psilocybe genus are set apart as having hallucinogenic and psychedelic effects. It is found growing on the rotting wood of southern beeches nothofagus on both the north and south islands of the country. Helvenston and bahn have tried to refute the most famous hypothesis. Psilocybe medullosa has an interesting taxonomic and nomenclatural history. Sep 09, 20 phylogenetic inference and trait evolution of the psychedelic mushroom genus psilocybe sensu lato agaricales virginia ramirezcruz, a gaston guzman, b alma rosa villalobosarambula, c aaron rodriguez, a p.
When classifying organisms, the domain, of which there are three, is the largest level. This contribution is a part of the world monography of the genus psilocybe which guzman has in preparation since 1971. The genus psilocybe, as it is currently, generally circumscribed, is one of the most famous mushroom genera known. So it will look like an active psilocybe and not have that unactive look if you now what i mean. This genus is best known for its species with hallucinogenic properties, widely known as magic mushrooms, though the majority of species do not contain hallucinogenic compounds. Helvenston and bahn have tried to refute the most famous hypothesis, lewiswilliams neuropsychological model, by claiming that. Species diversity of the genus psilocybe repositorio inecol. On the origin of the genus psilocybe and its potential ritual use in ancient africa and europe.
A psilocybin mushroom, also known as magic mushroom or psychedelic mushroom, is one of a polyphyletic group of fungi that contain psilocybin and psilocin biological genera containing psilocybin mushrooms include copelandia, gymnopilus, inocybe, panaeolus, pholiotina, pluteus, and psilocybe. Hoiland and others published the genus psilocybe in norway find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Psilocybe tampanensis contains the psychedelic compounds psilocin and psilocybin, and is consumed for recreational and entheogenic purposes. As shown by borovicka 2011, it used to be classified within various genera by different european authors galera, galerina, phaeogalera, psilocybe.
The easy guide on how to identify psilocybin mushrooms. Psilocybin, psilocin and baeocystin are the main psychedelic compounds responsible for the psychoactive effects of many species in the genus. Spore color can vary greatly from one genus to another, but generally mushrooms of a single genus have very similarly colored spores. Historically, neurotropic psilocybe species played a. Pdf on the origin of the genus psilocybe and its potential ritual. Psilocybe makarorae is one of the few psilocybe species to be solely restricted to new zealand. Apartado postal 63 xalapa, veracruz 9, mexico abstract in mexico there are more hallucinogenic species of psilocybe than in any other part of.
Psilocybe f a taxonomic genus within the family hymenogastraceae small mushrooms growing worldwide, best known for its species with hallucinogenic properties. Sever before have photographs and descriptions of so many magie ushrooms been. Species diversity of the genus psilocybe basidio mycotina, agaricales, strophariaceae in the world. Psilocybe yungensis is a species of psychedelic mushroom in the strophariaceae family. On the origin of the genus psilocybe and its potential ritual use in. Microscopic features on free shipping on qualified orders. The renaming of stropharia cubensis earle to psilocybe cubensis earle singer is a classic example.
A worldwide geographic distribution of the neurotropic fungi. Its acclaim stems from the production of the neurotropic, psychoactive tryptamine, psilocybin 4phosphoryloxy n,n dimethyltryptamine, notably named after the ge. It is in the section zapotecorum of the genus psilocybe, other members of this section include psilocybe muliercula, psilocybe angustipleurocystidiata, psilocybe aucklandii, psilocybe collybioides, psilocybe kumaenorum, psilocybe zapotecorum, psilocybe kumaenorum, psilocybe subcaerulipes, psilocybe pintonii. Article phylogenetic inference and trait evolution of the psychedelic mushroom genus psilocybe sensu lato agaricales virginia ramirezcruz, gaston guzman, alma rosa villalobosarambula, aaron rodriguez, p. Mycobiota, with special attention to hallucinogenic. Descriptions and illustrations of all species are provided, with notes on their ecology and distribution, and a key for their identification. The ultimate identification guide to psilocybincontaining mushrooms. On the origin of the genus psilocybe and its potential. A systematic revision of the known species including the history, distribution and chemistry of the hallucinogenic species, it was published in 1983 by j. The fruit bodies, or mushrooms, have a conical brownish cap up to 2 cm 0. Psilocybin mushrooms may have been used in ancient religious rites and ceremonies. Its striking appearance, size, and fairly exclusive habitat makes identification relatively easy. A systematic revision of the known species including the history, distribution and chemistry of the hallucinogenic species. Smith first described the species in 1937 as a member of the genus known today as.
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